High concentrations of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) enhance toxicity of S-methoprene against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica

Abstract

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have been playing a major role in the effective management of a range of stored product insect pests including species that have developed resistance to major groups of insecticides, such as organophosphates (OPs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs). In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of S-methoprene alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), an adjuvant component of insecticides for synergy, against two strains, Lab-S (susceptible) and Met-R (Methoprene resistant) of an economically important pest species, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Adults of both Lab-S and Met-R strains were exposed to wheat treated with multiple concentrations of S-methoprene ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 and 10 to 60 mg/kg, respectively, alone and in combination with PBO. A variety of concentrations, including 0.27, 0.53, 0.80, and 1.07 g/kg, were evaluated for PBO. Mortality of adults and percent reduction in progeny were assessed after 14 and 65 days of treatment, respectively. As anticipated, the adult mortality rates of both strains were not significantly affected by S-methoprene alone. However, the number of progeny produced confirmed that the Met-R strain exhibited a high level of resistance to S-methoprene alone, with over 50 F1 progeny adults surviving in wheat treated with the maximal rate, 10 mg/kg. In contrast, the toxicity of S-methoprene was increased against the same resistant strain (Met-R), by 0.80 or 1.07 g/kg of PBO in combination treatment, resulting in a significant reduction in progeny numbers (25 adults per container). Although the tested concentrations of S-methoprene and PBO were well above the currently registered rate globally, our results highlight the fact that PBO enhances the toxicity of S-methoprene to some extent, reaffirming that the mode of action of the latter involves the inhibition of mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) and highlights the need for further research into developing potential binary or triplet formulations containing these two active ingredients (AIs).