Pest-damage relationships for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean (Glycine max) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during pod-fill

Abstract

The response of soybean (Glycine max) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to feeding by Helicoverpa armigera during the pod-fill stage was studied in irrigated field cages over three seasons to determine the relationship between larval density and yield loss, and to develop economic injury levels. H. armigera intensity was calculated in Helicoverpa injury equivalent (HIE) units, where 1HIE was the consumption of one larva from the start of the infestation period to pupation. In the dry bean experiment, yield loss occurred at a rate 6.00±1.29g/HIE while the rates of loss in the three soybean experiments were 4.39±0.96g/HIE, 3.70±1.21g/HIE and 2.12±0.71g/HIE. These three slopes were not statistically different (P>0.05) and the pooled estimate of the rate of yield loss was 3.21±0.55g/HIE. The first soybean experiment also showed a split-line form of damage curve with a rate of yield loss of 26.27±2.92g/HIE beyond 8.0 HIE and a rapid decline to zero yield. In dry bean, H. armigera feeding reduced total and undamaged pod numbers by 4.10±1.18pods/HIE and 12.88±1.57pods/HIE respectively, while undamaged seed numbers were reduced by 35.64±7.25seeds/HIE. In soybean, total pod numbers were not affected by H. armigera infestation (out to 8.23HIE in Experiment 1) but seed numbers (in Experiments 1 and 2) and the number of seeds/pod (in all experiments) were adversely affected. Seed size increased with increases in H. armigera density in two of the three soybean experiments, indicating plant compensatory responses to H. armigera feeding. Analysis of canopy pod profiles indicated that loss of pods occurred from the top of the plant downwards, but with an increase in pod numbers close to the ground at higher pest densities as the plant attempted to compensate for damage. Based on these results, the economic injury levels for H. armigera on dry bean and soybean are approximately 0.74HIE and 2.31HIE/m2, respectively (0.67 and 2.1HIE/row-m for 91cm rows).